March 1895, Sino has not yet cleared the smoke, a 71-year-old, Northern Chinese Minister Li Zhili Governor east to Japan, the Qing government as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and the Japanese government signed the humiliating unequal treaties mm Two silver 200 million (plus the redemption of the Liaodong Peninsula of the 30 million total of 230 million two-two). and the new treaty ports opened to increase the river trade routes such as 11 models. Ming Chuan and the more severely disaster. huge war reparations equivalent to the national 3-year revenue, the Qing government could not afford, only Britain and France, Germany and Russia to the lending powers, not only the interest is high, but also to customs, taxation, financial management as collateral . ceded large areas of land set off a direct result of the imperialist powers carved up China's frenzy. post-war years, the powers have spheres of influence in China. Great Wall north is Russia, and the Yangtze River ten provincial Britain, Shandong, is a German, Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi is a method, Fujian is a day. The United States, the emerging imperialist countries, the name of Japanese colony, to become a springboard for the Japanese invasion of China, northeast China's security under serious threat. Gezhan Taiwan is Japan, so that millions of our compatriots to leave the motherland 50 years suffering from bullying.
Japan is the biggest beneficiaries of war who obtained a value of 100 million taels of silver trophies and 230 million ounces of compensation. This huge sum of money equivalent to Japan's fiscal revenue was 7 years, the Japanese government and this inspired, Foreign Minister Mutsu were light and said: Prior to this claim, did not expect there will be hundreds of millions of yen, its total income of only 8 million yen, the thought of now there are 5 million yen 300 million rolling in, both government and private feel very rich! point. In the war of aggression against China in modern times, can be said that Sino-Japanese War the largest and most miserable failure, the most affected, the consequences of the most important, the lesson most of the last war. Because of this, re-learning, study this history, also the most practical significance, the most important here is to analyze the reasons for defeat of China Sino sum up, learn the lesson.
a long time, some commentators point of view from the issue of power, that the failure of Sino China and its powerful supporters in Japan, China does not have the conditions to win the war against aggression, which stressed the bullied, we must work hard to enhance national strength in order to ultimately invincible. This view naturally has a positive meaning, But Sino concerned, only for this analysis was not enough, does not conform to prevailing circumstances, there is a certain one-sidedness, and even easier to fall into the .
In fact, when China's economic and military strength is not worse than that of Japan, from an economic point of view, Jiawu heavy pre-war Japan is still relatively weak, and light industries, textile industry, only more developed. iron and steel, coal, copper, kerosene , the output of machine is much lower than in China. Japan's total industrial capital was 70 million yuan, the bank's capital 90 million yuan, annual imports 1.7 billion, the export volume of 90 million yuan, annual revenue 80 million yuan, these indicators In addition to imports as China's, the other is lower than in China, indicating that Japan's economic strength and China is not as strong. From a military point of view, pre-war Japan Jiawu two decades, the exhaust enhance the power of the national military strength, particular attention to naval construction, to 1893, with 55 warships, a displacement of 61,000 tons, with China the main Northern Fleet naval considerable (China also has Guangdong and Fujian Navy). Japan's standing army of 22 million, the total strength of less than China's half or less the same weapons and equipment also. It is clear that the military balance in the day, when the Opium War sword like a spear on the gunboats as the poor, some aspects such as the total amount of China's navy and army had a slight advantage. In other words, China lost the Sino is not defeated by military power.
then, Sino China, what is the reason for the failure? What lessons should we learn? which we maintain national security and strengthen national defense What does the building of reference?
one of the possible war of aggression is no vision, lack of preparation, understanding the reasons for the failure of the war.
the late nineteenth century, the major capitalist countries have completed the stage of imperialism changes in the export of capital has a special significance, which would inevitably lead to more intense competition for colonies. Lenin's analysis: the imperialist powers, struggle can not help but want to especially nervous. Sino-French War, due to busy fighting among big powers, the relative calm for about 10 years, China's relaxation of some politicians nervous, people of the Western powers in the eyeing.
60 years in Japan in the 19th century, the
invade and conquer China, is established national policy of modern Japan. Back in 1855, Japan's reformist politicians Ji Tian Songyang child to claim: so that in conjunction with the Hajj; blame North Korea to make money tribute satisfied; cut the South over the land, close Taiwan, Luzon Island, occupying the whole of China, Dragon in India. Japanese politicians of Ito Hirobumi (prime minister), Yamagata (Senate), etc. have had a profound impact, becoming the mainstream thinking of Japanese politicians. the early Meiji Restoration, Japan laid the mainland policy, Minister Tanaka in the memorial a said: blueprint Zhoushan Islands .7 years later, Japan is in accordance with the timetable and roadmap to launch a war of aggression, and almost all the purpose.
Japan in the decades to a consistent national policy to conduct all aspects of well-prepared before and after the implementation of the 8 Although not many, but expressed the determination of the supreme ruler, the country is bound to have a great incentive. Sure enough, the Emperor of the appeal, the rich have the national contributions, there are more than 100 million a year. This not only increased military spending, also greatly encouraged morale. Japanese side of the military buildup on the one hand to send a large number of spies in China, North Korea activities in Jiawu plotted before the war, including North Korea and China's Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula and along the Bohai Sea every hillock, every path in detail. like a well-made Japanese war machine, always keep running with, when the time comes, they will not hesitate to resort to force. In contrast, the Qing government to judge the situation on national security seems very place, on the lack of predictable invaded and vigilance.
some insight, such as Shen Bao Zhen Two Rivers Governor, Taiwan Provincial Governor Liu Ming-chuan, etc. see understanding of Japan is still stuck in the whole force of the Japanese military expansion, the danger of war approaching a critical juncture, the Qing government to relax the defense instead of building to the grounds of financial constraints, cutting the military budget, beginning in 1888 to stop buying from the warships, the Navy in 1891 to stop disbursement funding for equipment and ammunition. China is not clear in such a state, usher in a fateful war.
.19 Sino beginning in the late North Korean, North Korean forces in international politics has always been an important stage race is also a hot-Japan relations. Japan is not only competing interests in Korea, but also to the forward position of China as aggression, always looking for opportunities, in 1894 the opportunity came. when civil unrest in the DPRK, the Korean government asked China sent troops to support (the formation of Korean history was China's tributary). to send troops to North Korea in China, the large-scale entry into the Japanese army, the war began. At this time Japan is also moving in the name of protection of nationals of the flag, note the Chinese government this opportunity to contribute to the breakdown of Sino-Japanese relations. All means are pre-emptive. can not go to war for no reason not to open the first blood in sacrifice of self. States with full reasoning of right and wrong, can not Shiqiang trouble. at war, although prepared to keep trying, I do not first with rage, he is understanding and not his fists. Whoever rage in management who should bend, the nations Gong Li. > diplomatic initiative to avoid the first to open the first shot, which is understandable. But important thing is not practical because the illusion of battle without preparation, so that the enemy calmly summoned occupy advantageous. until the day Army forces moving in the siege at the Asan China only when the troops rushed reinforcements from the sea, it was too late, completely too late. lead to defeat the Army in Asan, hurriedly retreated to Pyongyang. maritime personnel carriers have also been ambushed by the Japanese Navy , troop ships were sunk, nearly 2,000 soldiers died in the sea. followed by Pyongyang in preparation for the Battle of Waterloo because of hit or miss, suffered heavy losses, Canjun breath retreat of more than 500 years, the war to the Yalu River, the war has just begun to Mongolia shadow on the failure.
defeat in the Korean War greatly affected the morale of our troops, fueling the enemy's arrogance. war is often the case, no one party has the preparation and equipment, will be playing, early, they played; and invaded side if a clear head, prepared and refused to yield, against each other, the aggressor must have a deterrent, deterrent, it is possible to change the course of the war, and even suspended in the early stages of the war. However, the loss of China this opportunity. its roots lies in lack of foresight on the war of aggression off guard, resulting in lack of preparation before the war, the first battle moves misconduct, which is the failure of understanding of Sino reasons, need to seriously learn the profound lesson.
II blindly rely on foreign mediation, not to be based on its own strength up, the failure of external causes of war.
defeat in the Korean war, although causing some passive, but not affect the overall situation. At this time, the Qing government if can understand the situation, firmly into anti-war of aggression, and take the right strategy, will be able to defeat the enemy. Unfortunately, the supreme ruler of China, Empress Dowager Cixi in charge of real power, are all reconcilable Taliban Yi, Li also strongly advocated ; custodial Mi is on, force protection and the Council. is an important means of national political behavior. Li would like to use to curb conflicts of interest between the countries of Japan, the lifting of military confrontation between China and Japan, hard to understand. but he is clearly interfere with the likelihood of success on the powers expectations too high, over-reliance on diplomacy and relaxation of the military effort. He believes that morale.
Li first request the British mediation, he considered the most vested interests in China, the United Kingdom, the Japanese invasion, Japan signed the Shen local merchant events remain silent. In this way, betrayed by the British in China.
Li turned to the Russian request for intervention because of Russia's sphere of influence mainly in the northeast, with Japan a conflict of interest. but this time not repair the Russian-Siberian Railway through , in the Far East compete for the chips were not enough, Japan does not want to fall out, but a war of words carried a lot trouble. served as Director of the Englishman Robert Hart Chinese tax commented: , after two weeks suddenly shift, and Li discussed the boss of a boring. After mediation fall, Li is also fantastic to hope the United States to mediate. hypocrisy of the United States replies: Japan is completely backward. American minister Tianbei Gong contingent, said: their own path, if the intervention to bring peace, that peace is not sustainable. Only the use of force to make a harmonious coexistence of the country and the world, will not be threatened as long as the Qing dynasty, China's defeat'll be a good experience. ; Tianbei also wrote to Li: Japanese invasion of China in other countries goes far, far way, to Japan to provide military loans, military advisers, delivering military supplies, protecting the Japanese spies, or even to allow Japanese warships the Chinese navy deceived the American flag hanging. the United States to Japan as in the Far East small man, and Japan launched a brutal war, the courage, but also rely on the United States as a boss. As Lenin Jiawu analyzed before the war: may have any independent financial and military power. the same. This is the basic position of the great powers, which must keep a clear mind. But Li Qing government and less obviously see this on the powers a kind of hypocrisy is that they really believe in the interests and power. powers long to see the Japanese to win, inevitably fell on the Japanese side. Hart tells the truth: is not right. but not a country to take any practical action to help China. equitably, schadenfreude, said: country governments, the Chinese government since the country despite a decent insult, blind begging to the powers begged pity, since the open door, to greet the wolves. loss of time and opportunity, caught completely vulnerable to attack position. in the size of the dozens of battle, could not organize a decent resistance, as assistant minister of Rites Zhi Rui said: He is more arrogant, he is with a preemptive, I restricted all things. The war party also saw the problem, the emperor under the decree, said: blindly follow play wrong, strategically located and difficult place, to hand over the outsiders. is reconcilable Taliban, and the war party Emperor, Weng so there is no real power, can only be anxious, empty it, take no practical. to the military desperate, they can only agree to surrender summation.
History shows that small countries can still be attached to large country to survive in the cracks, but the country being the case. large and weak China, if not self-reliance, a foothold into the anti-aggressive war on its own strength , will become the object of mercy. in order to obtain peace, the desire is not only good, and by others is unreliable and must be invincible in the war. this truth, even the reformist thinkers also see Liang very clear, he said: people. believe in His strong advocacy and logistics, promoting the Westernization Movement, the formation of new from the Northern Navy and Army, is conducive to enhancing military power. but because the role of the weapons extreme Li, absolute, from defeatism.
Korean War defeat, Li briefing statement to the court his opinion: fast gun boat too, just keep the mouth difficult Zongling battle. Pyongyang lost, all lost cause few, Yi Yin hanging device of the phase, not the war of the poor. Battle of Jian Wei, particularly over the army. maritime war, to the Chi Su ship, the ship of the old and new, the strength of gun the size of the points. the Clippers lost to China, so the sea battle, Kongfei odds. hurriedly trying to purchase, nor relief. Ordnance stronger than me, art is stronger than me. countries spent huge sums of money, why is not yet a war, with Britain France, Germany and Russia have also fills ranging proposition, why Japan can not give it a try it? Emperor was very angry, scolding Li , asked the Northern Navy concentration of forces, quickly played. But Li was unmoved, still adhere to the ship is properly in turn depends on what the outcome, not the only weapon which can be explained by theory. As the principal conductor of war, the mind can not win the shadow is bound to have a negative impact on the situation of the war, which is the unit morale, defeat one of the reasons blindly.
Sino terms of overall point of view or from the major battles, is not defeated by military strength and weaponry on the merits. the Yellow Sea battle as an example:
1894 年 9 月17, the main force of the Japanese Navy near the Chinese border in the Yellow Sea along the sea Dadonggou met, a shocked the world, have a profound impact on the Sino process broke the big sea. into the Japanese naval fleet strength as follows Table:
few ironclad warship torpedo boats half the total artillery light artillery displacement
ironclads the fleet 1446021141 3.5 million tons
Japanese fleet 1,201,211,209 41,000 tons can be seen
, comparable to the strength of both fleets. the Northern Fleet's advantage is more ironclads and heavy artillery, which will be far, no matter Zhenyuan two armored battleships, tonnage and gun caliber is a world leader at that time, the Far East first-class warships. Japanese fleet ship speed advantage is faster, easy to maneuver. just from the military point of view, the fleet has a slight advantage, but the outcome of battle is the opposite. Northern Fleet were sunk five ships, has been hit hard; the Japanese fleet did not lose a ship, only a few ships were injured. Yellow Sea to Japan, the victory of war the whole nation went into raptures, meritorious awards officers and men of Royal Decree issued by the emperor, but also personally write a war song, the enemy's momentum, so I according to the Yellow Sea waves the flag high. The first command of misconduct. originally scheduled against formation is a two-column column, but became loose when the approaching enemy row echelon form teams. The reason there are two versions, one that hung the wrong signal flags, the second part of the ship that failed to time to reach the desired location. go to war soon, the flagship state of disrepair of the bridge is scheduled to much of the ship gun recoil shock collapse, Naval Commander (Northern Fleet) Ding Ruchang injured from falling off the bridge, unable to continue directing the battle, and he has prior Deputy commander is not specified, this omission fatal to the fleet beginning to lose the unified command. followed by signal flag was destroyed, the flagship and the fleet were cut off, Ge Jian only fighting each other, chaos. Second, some general mortally afraid of death, desertion. in battle, Zhi Yuan, unfortunately, by far the second ship sunk by the enemy, Ji Yuan, Guang A, won in the three-ship were terrified, fled in panic, Jiyuan also shamefully hang a white flag. not only weaken the combat effectiveness, but also seriously disrupted the morale of the troops .4 torpedo boats have three out of fear the enemy, Norway, has been hiding not far from the war, did not play any role. The third is lack of shells, the quality is not good. The battle played only 5 hours, but they have had incredible shells would not be enough, given away, and the main gun shells Zhenyuan all used up. shell quality problems, and some play does not ring, some of . the Yellow Sea two weeks before the war, Hurd's report to the British government, said: reminders of ammunition, he wanted to be together enough to play several hours of artillery to prepare for a battle at sea spell, have been unable to hand, the worst hand he probably never be the hope. low. Northern Fleet a Yuleikuaiting enemy at a distance of 40 meters Saikyo Maru fired torpedoes, even failed to hit (the torpedo from the ship at the end of a meter across), so that enemy escape, and the Japanese Navy Kabayama information Qi is the board to supervise operations, lost the perfect opportunity to destroy the enemy.
Yellow losing battle though, but still is a Sino than playing the best in the battle, most of the rest battle, fighting, or Yichujikui, or Wangfengertao, is not the merits of weapons, equipment, good or bad, how many troops the issue. Ou Gena British Minister to China to report on their government, said: especially in the management of far less than Japan. no vision and lack of military knowledge, the Chinese authorities, will face Navy fleet was completely destroyed in danger. direct factors, but not only determined by the strength of combat weapons and equipment, as well as military command, management, training, mental status, strategies and tactics. Sino's case, too, attributed the defeat of weapons and equipment can not be justified simply, is a Misunderstanding of the long-term form.
four, and the loss of sea give up the strategic reasons for failure of war.
Comrade Mao Zedong said: reflect the doctrine of non-resistance. is very important. The so-called sea, it simply is to make himself a party to the freedom of navigation in a certain area is not leaving the enemy free navigation. can master the sea depends on the strength of the Navy and the right strategy. Sino the sea mainly refers to the Yellow Sea . the Yellow Sea related to the three Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula, Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, maritime traffic, so the Yellow Sea, the sea is essential.
Sino the main battlefield in Korea, the Chinese side, the Japanese are cross-sea operations , a long supply line must be from the sea transport. Although it is inside China operations, disrupt and cut off the enemy but the sea transport is an important measure to defeat the enemy. Therefore, the main focus on the Navy to find the opportune time to take the initiative, when necessary, decisive battle, the enemy Fang Haijun formation of containment is not only necessary, when there is such a force and may be .1893, the Chinese navy in the world No. 9, behind Britain, Germany, France, Russia, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Turkey, the United States, Japan before. If the strategy is correct, the command properly, should be able to achieve some victory, received a great effect.
the Japanese government and military command of the sea on the importance of the war of aggression against China has fully realized. their long-term commitment to the Navy construction is based on such considerations. Sino ago, the Japanese to obtain command of the sea, the army to drive straight, attack Liaodong and Shandong and Beijing; the second is pending the outcome if the sea, only the occupation of Korea Army, the Navy's command of the sea as much as possible to maintain the Korea Strait; third is that if the naval defeat, the retreating North Korean Army, Navy Association Anti coast of Japan. Japan's strategic thinking is very clear, the whole point of war on the sea of competition, in the vision of the upper, middle, and lower policy in which they made the best policy. On the contrary, the Qing government, and Li on the major strategic issues very vague understanding of what the war should play the role of the Navy, did not play a role in how clear thinking. Korean war, the Japanese navy to fully concentrate on preparing the main finding, based on the fleet battle, but try to avoid the Chinese navy with the Enemy Army met at sea, no decisive ideological preparation and military preparations. one active, one passive; party has prepared, one without equipment; one opportunistic battle, one negative and avoiding war. Once the experience at sea, the consequences can be imagined. < br> In the Yellow Sea before the war, Li Xinhua that the Northern Fleet, Prince Gong Li Yi in the Empress Dowager Cixi and other support, refusing to implement the initiative to the sea battle of the Edict, the Northern gateway to the Navy have been huddled in the Bohai Sea, to transport materials to the DPRK did not dare to take the shortcut to the sea from land-based transport. Japanese troops ; naval fleet, will be far out Weihai Yu Shou lost several ships hurried, I Feiru things too. as to the sea, and even if the war dead, not your shirt. no longer exists.
command of the sea so that the loss of coastal marine isolated, very passive, the most prominent anti-landing operations in the two losses.
Japanese two-pronged attack on the Liaodong Peninsula, all the way across the Yalu River from North Korea invasion, all the way from the sea invaded, landing in the garden population, such as the successful posterior to destroy Arthur. But this was also a step in the Japanese risky move, Huayuankou is not an ideal landing sites, where the beach is very shallow along the coast, the ship can not be close to the military and other supplies needed for transit boats and junks. Japanese 36 troop ships, escorted by a warship, 2.4 million people and a large number of cavalry baggage, from October 23 to November 7 landed a full 15 days. Qing The Japanese government has been pre-action information, such as insurance can send a strong contingent of guards by the coast, the Navy Gongxi enemy, the enemy may be a tendency to form between two fires. The strange thing is, the shore of small stocks Qing put it out without a trace a few guns, the Navy did not call. Japanese soldiers in the case of no resistance, to calm landing, opened the door to attack Port Arthur. soon, the Qing government for 20 years, tens of millions of ounces of silver consumption important military base in Port Arthur caught in an opponent, a large number of ships, weapons, equipment, food was the enemy captured. Japanese animal attack, carried out brutal massacre, Port Arthur, tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians have been killed only 36 people survived the city.
soon Weihai and Rongcheng and repeat. Rongcheng, Shandong Weihai from the Northern Naval Base is only 30 nautical miles, is the best route for the Japanese attack on Weihai .1895 on January 29, the cover of the Japanese combined fleet total of 50 troop ships 3.4 million people with 5 days in the Rongcheng landing. failed to organize effective resistance to the Chinese army, the navy in close proximity, but the Li order Mary Help of Christians to enjoy later admitted: , anti-landing party will rely on defense and maritime mm positions, including attacks on the shore, so that adverse conditions in the landing party got hit hard hit, ...
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